Invertebrate Zoology OnLine
Richard Fox, Lander
University
Laboratory Exercises to Accompany
Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RB. 2004. Invertebrate Zoology, A Functional Evolutionary Approach, 7 th ed. Brooks Cole Thomson, Belmont, CA. 963 pp.
This OnLine laboratory manual features original anatomical descriptions of 112 species for use in invertebrate zoology teaching or research laboratories in North America. The collection was prepared over a period of many years to facilitate and encourage the study of invertebrate animals. It is a smorgasbord of species intended to provide a selection suitable for courses taught in most parts of North America. Many species, or their close relatives, also occur in other parts of the world, especially Europe. Although the chapters are written in laboratory manual format, they can also be used to support research or in other non-teaching situations as introductions to the anatomy of specific invertebrates .
Most of these descriptions are based on dissections of invertebrate animals collected in the Carolinas, Georgia, Florida, Maine, and Oregon beginning in 1980. A few are based on preserved material or commercially prepared slides. The collection is under ongoing revision and new species are added periodically. The collection is sufficiently diverse to support undergraduate or graduate courses at most localities in North America.
The anatomical descriptions are presented as laboratory exercises, many of which have been tested by my students in invertebrate zoology courses at Lander University, the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, and the Duke University Marine Laboratory. These have benefited from numerous revisions based on many years of student use.
Emphasis is placed on the use of living anesthetized or freshly sacrificed, unpreserved specimens. Where possible species have been chosen that are readily available inexpensively and alive from supermarkets, bait shops, or seafood markets. Whenever possible exotic (introduced) or commercially farmed species have been used in preference to natives.
Black and white line drawings are embedded in the texts. Unless otherwise indicated the illustrations are original.
These accounts are copyrighted but unpublished. I would appreciate their receiving the same copyright considerations they would enjoy in print. You are encouraged to use them for your research or teaching but not for publication or commercial purposes. I appreciate being informed and acknowledged when the exercises are used. Email me at rsfox@lander.edu.
Terminology, phylogeny, and classification conform to usage in Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RB. 2004. Invertebrate Zoology, A functional evolutionary approach, 7th ed. Brooks Cole/Thomson, Belmont, CA. 963 pp + index. Page and chapter numbers in the following Table of Contents refer to this text. Pertinent figures from the text are indicated by callouts in the lab exercises. In keeping with the incompatibility of Linnean categories with cladistics-based phylogeny, the use of those categories has been minimized, as it is in the aforementioned text. For the benefit of those more comfortable with Linnean classifications, the traditional categories are indicated by superscript abbreviations (e.g. P = phylum, C = class, O = order, F = family, i = infra, s = sub, S = super) following the taxon name.
Table of Contents
Miscellaneous
Introduction
Laboratory Techniques
Supplies and Recipes
Glossary
Chapter 3.
Protozoa, page 22
Protozoa
Chapter 5. Porifera , page
77
Porifera sponges
Chapter 7. Cnidaria, page 111
Anthozoa, page 124
Aiptasia anemone
Metridium anemone
Scyphozoa, page 148
Aurelia moon
jellyfish
Cassiopeia upside
down jellyfish
Hydrozoa, page
156
Obelia hydroid
Gonionemus hydromedusa
Hydra hydra
Velella by-the-wind sailor
Chapter 8. Ctenophora, page 183
Pleurobrachia comb
jelly
Chapter 10. Platyhelminthes, page 225
Turbellaria , page
227
Dugesia planaria
Trematoda page
251
Opisthorchis fluke
Cestoda page
258
Taenia tapeworm
Chapter 11. Nemertea, page 270
Heteronemertea
Cerebratulus ribbonworm
Hoplonemertea
Tetrastemma ribbonworm
Chapter 12. Mollusca, page 283
Polyplacophora, page 292
Katharina chiton
Gastropoda, page 300
Archaeogastropoda
Diodora keyhole
limpet
Tectura true
limpet
Mesogastropoda
Littorina periwinkle
Pomacea apple
snail
Bellamya mystery
snail
Neogastropoda
Busycon and Buccinum whelks
Ilyanassa mud
snail
Opisthobranchia
Aplysia sea
hare
Tridachia sacoglossan
Pulmonata
Helix garden
snail
Limax terrestrial
slug
Cephalopoda, page 343
Lolliguncula squid
Bivalvia, page
367
Mytilus blue
mussel
Argopecten and Placopecten scallops
Crassostrea American
oyster
Actinonaias freshwater
mussel
Mercenaria quahog
Corbicula Asian clam
Sphaerium fingernail
clam
Chapter 13. Annelida, page 413
Polychaeta, page 422
Nereis clamworm
Glycera bloodworm
Eudistylia fan
worm
Serpula feather
duster worm
Myzostoma crinoid
commensal
Oligochaeta, page 459
Lumbricus earthworm
Euhirudinea, page 471
Haemopis and Hirudo leech
Chapter 14. Sipuncula, page 495
Phascolopsis peanut
worm
Sipunculus peanut
worm
Chapter 15.
Onychophora and Tardigrada
Peripatus velvet
worm
Chapter 17.
Trilobitomorpha, page 543
Elrathia trilobite
Triarthrus
trilobite
Chapter 18. Chelicerata, page 554
Xiphosura , page
555
Limulus horseshoe
crab
Scorpiones, page
564
Vaejovis Carolina
scorpion
Uropygi, page 569
Thelyphonus whip
Scorpion
Aranae, page
571
Argiope garden
spider
Pseudoscorpiones, page
584
Novobisium pseudoscorpion
Solifugae, page
586
Ammotrechella wind
spider
Opiliones, page 588
Leiobunum harvestman
Acari, page
590
Dermacentor tick
Pycnogonida, page
597
Anoplodactylus sea
spider
Chapter 19. Crustacea, page 605
Anostraca, page
617
Artemia brine
shrimp
Phyllopoda , page
619
Triops tadpole
shrimp
Daphnia water
flea
Malacostraca, page
625
Nebalia
Farfantepenaeus brown
shrimp
Procambarus crayfish
Homarus American
lobster
Callinectes blue
crab
Armadillidium pillbug
Ligia sea
slater
Caecidotea freshwater
isopod
Crangonyx freshwater
amphipod
Cirripedia , page
678
Pollicipes and Lepas goose
barnacles
Balanus acorn
barnacle
Chapter 20. Myriapoda, page 702
Chilopoda, page 703
Scutigera house
centipede
Diplopoda, page 711
Pachydesmus flat-backed
millipede
Narceus worm
millipede
Chapter 21. Hexapoda, page 723
Collembola
Collembola springtail
Orthoptera
Acheta house
cricket
Romalea lubber
grasshopper
Blattaria
Periplaneta cockroach
Hemiptera
Tibicen cicada
adult and nymph
Coleoptera
Popillia Japanese
beetle adult
Cyclocephala white
grubs
Lepidoptera
Calpodes canna
leafroller caterpillar
Ceratomia catalpa
caterpillar
Papilio carrot
caterpillar
Siphonaptera
Ctenocephalides flea
Chapter 22. Cycloneuralia, page 752
Nematoda, page 757
Ascaris Pig
roundworm
Cephalobus soil
roundworm
Chapter 23. Gnathifera, page 784
Rotifera, page 789
Philodina benthic
rotifer
Bdelloidea moss
rotifers
Chapter 25. Lophophorata, page 816
Phoronida page 817
Phoronis phoronid
Brachiopoda, page 821
Lingula inarticulate
brachiopod
Terebratella articulate
brachiopod
Bryozoa, page 829
Plumatella freshwater
bryozoan
Zoobotryon ctenostome
bryozoan
Bugula cheilostome
bryozoan
Chapter 27. Hemichordata, page 857
Enteropneusta, page
858
Saccoglossus acorn
worm
Chapter 28. Echinodermata, page
872
Asteroidea, page
876
Asterias sea
star
Ophiuroidea, page
890
Ophioderma brittle
star
Echinoidea, page
896
Strongylocentrotus sea
urchin
Clypeaster sea
biscuit
Mellita sand
dollar
Holothuroidea, page
909
Cucumaria sea
cucumber
Sclerodactyla with
notes on Cucumaria, sea
cucumber
Crinoidea, page 917
Comactinia feather
star
Chapter 29.
Chordata, page 930
Urochordata, page
940
Ciona sea
squirt
Molgula sea
squirt
Ecteinascidia compound
sea squirt
Botryllus compound
sea squirt
Doliolum thalacean
tunicate
Cephalochordata, page
932
Branchiostoma amphioxus
Vertebrata
Ammocoetes larva, lamprey
eel
Notropis minnow